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alphas

typically alphas are physically bigger and stronger. of course, there are exceptions but this is the general consensus. people often dismiss them as aggressive, territorial, and protective. while this may be true for some, it is not true for all of them.
for breeding purposes, alphas can form a knot at the base of their member (a bundle of nerves that expands during to lock in an alpha's within their partner to increase the chance of pregnancy). Alphas will experience a rut every 4 weeks.

betas

the most versatile of positions, betas are right in the middle of the spectrum, between alphas and omegas. typically, they have a lesser sense of smell, their scents have calming properties, and they are less prone to succumb to their instincts.
depending on various factors, a beta either goes into a rut, or a heat. if they go into a rut, they can form a knot. if they go into a heat, they can self-lubricate. betas have the ability to impregnate other, or get pregnant. betas will go through a heat/rut every four weeks.

omegas

typically, they are smaller and slimmer than the other two ranks. they have the ability to self-lubricate (produce slick while aroused or in heat) and can get pregnant. however, they lack the ability to impregnate others. 
every four weeks, they are faced with their heat, in which they are most fertile. the heat lasts anywhere from three to five days. 

scenting

scent glands are responsible for the pheromones and scents a person gives off.  usually, they are found on the neck, wrists, and near the intimate parts.
these scents can scare, intimidate, comfort, etc. normally, the scent of a person will flare up during times of great emotional bursts. scents can signify to others who you spend a lot of time with.
scenting serves as a way of marking territory. 

biting

claiming is typically done by biting your parter on neck, and stimulating their scent glands. this normally happens during during a heat/rut and is considered to be a very intimate gesture. once a mark is formed, the couple is considered to be mated. bonds/claims can be broken, though it is very emotionally taxing to all parties involved.

suppressants

heat and/or rut suppressants come in a wide variety; however, most come in pill or shot form. their purpose is to shortner the length of a heat/rut and lessen the pain and frequency. taking suppressants for too long can damage the cycle and reproduction organs.

nesting 

nesting is typically done by omegas during their heat. it involves gathering many soft items (clothing, plushies, blankets, pillows, etc...) that will comfort them during their time of vulernability. typically those items will also emit a pleasing scent to them.